7 Pulau Terunik Yang Pernah Ada Di Dunia

Tenyata Pulau Jawa dan samosir masuk catatan dunia lho sebagai pulau terunik di dunia. Tetapi Pulau Jawa itu termauk pulau terunik karena penduduknya yang terpadat di dunia. Wah, ternyata kepadatan pulau Jawa tidak hanya terkenal di Indonesia ya, tetapi juga sampai seantero dunia. Pantas saja dech harga rumah di Pulau Jawa itu mahal-mahal.

Inilah 7 pulau terunik yang mempunyai ciri khas tersendiri di dunia  

 

 1. Ometepe: Pulau Tertua di Dunia Ometepe merupakan salah satu pulau tertua di dunia. Pulau ini terbentuk dari dua gunung api yang menyembul dari danau Nikaragua di Republik Nikaragua. Namanya diambil dari bahasa Nahuatl, kata ome yang berarti dua dan kata tepel yang berarti pegunungan. Kalau dua kata itu digabung maka artinya adalah dua gunung. Dua gunung api yang membentuk pulau tersebut adalah Concepcin and Maderas . Walupun pualu ini berbahaya karena gunung berapi nya bisa meletus sewaktu-waktu, akan tetapi tetap saja ada penduduk yang berdiam di sekitarnya. Jumlah penduduknya sekitar 35.000 jiwa dengan mata pencarian penduduk utamanya pertanian, beternak. Daerah ini juga merupakan daerah pariwisata.

2. Ellesmere: Pulau Kecil Yang Membeku Ellesmere adalah salah satu pulau di dunia yang membeku karena dingin nya cuaca sekeliling nya. Pulau ini terdapat di sebelah barat Greenland, Kanada, dimana para pakar geologi dan pakar biologi sering mengadakan penelitian. Lahan disekitarnya merupakan lahan tandus sehingga cocok untuk para pakar mempelajari perubahan alam.

3. Azores: Rugged and Remote Azores adalah kepulauan vulkanik yang berada di lepas pantai Portugal. Pulau yang berada di samudera atlantik ini sungguh unik dimana perubahan cuaca terjadi dengan sangat cepat. Penduduk di pulau tersebut mengatakan bahawa empat musim bisa terjadi dalam satu hari. Benar-benar aneh! selain itu, temperatur didalam tanah nya sangking panasny bisa dipakai untuk memasak makanan. Jadi kalau anda datang kepulau ini dan ingin menghemat biaya makan. Tinggal bawa panci dan galilah tanah. Masukkan panci maka makanan anda akan matang tanpa memerlukan api ataupun kompor. Menakjubkan bukan?

4. Jawa: Pulau Penuh dengan Orang Jawa merupakan pulau unik karena merupakan pulau dengan jumlah penduduk terpadat di dunia. Jumlah penduduk pulau Jawa berada di Indonesia (semua orang Indo pasti tau nech) mencapai 125 juta jiwa. Selain terkenal unik karena mempunyai jumlah penduduk yang terpadat, pulau ini juga terkenal karena di apit oleh dua pulau mega city yaitu Jakarta dan Surabaya sehingga pulau jawa ini mempunyai pemandangan yang sangat indah.

 5. Peacock: Pulau Suci ditengah Sungai Pulau mungil Peacock Island disebut pulau suci karena berada di wilayah candi-candi suci Umananda. Pulau mungil ini berada di tengah sungai Brahmaputra yang luas di Propinsi Assam, India. Candi Umananda dibangun di Guwahati pada 1594, oleh Raja Ahom Assam. Selain candi Umananda, terdapat candi-candi lain di Propinsi Assam. Salah satu candi yang paling banyak dikunjungi adalah candi pemujaan Dewa Siwa. Untuk mencapai kuil, orang harus menyeberangi sungai dengan perahu dari Kachari ghat. Terdapat juga feri yang tersedia dari jam 7 pagi di pagi sampai 5 sore di malam hari.

6. Spratly: Pulau Yang Paling Banyak Diperebutkan Pulau ini unik karena merupakan milik banyak orang. Kepulauan Spratly adalah pulau dengan rangkaian 650 pulau karang yang terletak di Laut Cina Selatan, antara Filipina dan Vietnam. The Spratlys, sebagaimana mereka disebut, adalah bagian dari tiga kepulauan di Laut Cina Selatan, terdiri dari lebih dari 30.000 pulau dan terumbu karang dan yang begitu merumitkan geografi, pemerintahan dan ekonomi di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Pernah dilakukan suatu survey terhadapa kepulauan ini dan hasilnya mengindikasi bahwa kepulauan ini mengandung banyak minyak dan gas bumi. Yang unik dari kepulauan ini adalah 45 pulau ditempati oleh sejumlah kecil pasukan militer dari berbagai Negara yakni Cina, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Brunei.

7. Samosir: Pulau di Dalam Pulau Pulau Samosir adalah pulau di tengah Danau Toba yang merupakan danau terbesar di Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Pulau Samosir diyakini sebagai pulau terbesar yang terdapat dalam sebuah pulau. Luas pulau samosir ini sebear 630km dimana luas ini hampir sebesar luas asli negara Singapura yaitu 714 km2. 630 km2. Pulau Samosir terbentuk karena letusan gunung berapi yang terjadi sekitar 30.000 tahun dan danau Toba sendiri terjadi 75.000 tahun lalu yang juga disebabkan oleh letusan gunung api. Selain pulau samosir, letusan gunung api juga menyebabkan munculnya semenanjung di daratan pulau sumatera yang kini menjadi kota kecil Prapat. Baik Pulau Samosir maupun Danau Toba adalah merupakan pusat pariwisata di Sumatera dan memiliki pemandangan yang sungguh menakjubkan.

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Persamaan Nama Nabi Nabi Dalam Islam dan Kristen

Mohon konmentarnya atas trit ini. komentar jangan SARA ya.. thx to all

Berikut nama-nama nabi berdasarkan versi Islam dan Versi Kristen.
ternyata ada kemiripan nama:

1 . ADAM in Islam / ADAM in Christian 
2 . IDRIS in Islam / ENOCH in Christian 
3 . NUH in Islam / NOAH in Christian 
4 . HUUD in Islam / HEBER in Christian 
5 . SHALEH in Islam / SHELAH in Christian 
6 . IBRAHIM in Islam / ABRAHAM in Christian 
7 . LUTH in Islam / LOT in Christian 
8 . ISMAIL in Islam / ISHMAEL in Christian 
9 . ISHAQ in Islam / ISAAC in Christian 
10. YAKUB in Islam / YACOB in Christian 
11. YUSUF in Islam / YOSEPH in Christian 
12. AYUB in Islam / JOB in Christian
13. ZULKIFLI in Islam / EZEKIEL in Christian
14. SU'AIB in Islam / JETHRO in Christian
15. YUNUS in Islam / JONAH in Christian
16. MUSA in Islam / MOSES in Christian
17. HARUN in Islam / AARON in Christian
18. ILYAS in Islam / ELIJAH in Christian
19. ILYASIN in Islam / ELISHA in Christian
20. DAUD in Islam / DAVID in Christian
21. SULAIMAN in Islam / SOLOMON in Christian
22. ZAKARIA in Islam / ZECHARIAH in Christian
23. YAHYA in Islam / JOHN the baptist 
24. ISA in Islam / YESUS in Christian
25.MUHAMMAD only in Islam

10 Fakta Unik tentang Titanic

Pada Ahad, 15 April 2012, tepat satu abad tenggelamnya kapal Titanic (15 April 1912). Kini, sejumlah misteri masih menyelimuti keberadaan penyebab tenggelamnya kapal yang diklaim takkan tenggelam itu.Tapi, banyak  hal menarik yang perlu kita ketahui tentang Titanic. Yang pasti, sejak tenggelamnya kapal tersebut, ratusan ribu bahkan jutaan bunga diberikan sebagai ucapan belasungkawa atas korban Titanic.

Berikut ini, 10 fakta unik yang perlu kita ketahui dengan tenggelamnya kapal tersebut.

1. Harga-harga tiket yang dijual pada saat Kapal Titanic akan berlayar di tahun 1912 itu senilai 4.350 dolar AS (kelas utama), 1.750 dolar (untuk tiket kelas dua), dan 30 dolar AS untuk tiket kelas tiga.

2. Setelah menabrak gunung es, Titanic masih bertahan untuk mengapung selama 2 jam 40 menit.

3. Interval waktu saat salah seorang awak kapal melihat ada gunung es di depan kapal Titanic sekitar 30 detik.

4. Dengan kapal yang besar dan jumlah penumpang yang mencapai sekitar 2000 orang, maka Titanic membutuhkan 14 ribu galon air minum setiap 24 jam, dan 825 ton batubara per hari untuk pelayaran.

5. Saat pelayaran itu, Titanic membawa 900 ton barang yang ada di kargo bagasi.

6. Dari ribuan penumpang itu, terdapat 13 pasangan yang sedang merayakanhoney moon (bulan madu) pernikahan mereka.

7. Sekitar 14 tahun sebelum Titanic berlayar, seorang penulis novel bernama Morgan Robertson pernah membuat novel dengan judul ‘Futility’ (Kesia-siaan) pada 1898. Dalam novelnya itu, Morgan menulis tentang sebuah kapal besar bernama ‘Titan’ menabrak gunugng es di Lautan Atlanticdi malam yang dingin pada bulan April. Entah sekadar menulis atau ahli peramal, faktanya tulisan Morgan benar. Titanic menabrak gunung es di Laut Atlantik pada 15 April 1912.

8. Dalam peristiwa tenggelamnya kapal Titanic itu, terdapat dua ekor anjing yang selamat. http://kerendanunik.wordpress.com/2012/01/20/ternyata-ada-dua-anjing-yang-selamat-saat-tragedi-titanic/

9. Ibarat sebuah bangunan kekaisaran (imperium), Kapal Titanic memiliki luas dan besar bangunan yang sama luasnya dengan istana kerajaan.

10. Kucing biasanya menjadi lambang keberuntungan sebagian orang. Ia kerap dibawa kemana pun pergi, termasuk naik ke kapal untuk berlayar. Ternyata, selama pelayaran, Kapal Titanic tidak membawa seekorpun kucing ada di dalamnya. Pemilik Kapal Titanic tidak mengizinkan kucing untuk mengawasi tikus (hewan pengerat) ada di kapal tersebut. Dan anak buah kapal (ABK) Titanic mengawasi dengan ketat setiap penumpang yang naik ke kapal.

Demikian 10 fakta menarik tentang Titanic, yang kami kutip dariwww.tiptoptens.com.

Untuk foto-foto terkini kapal Titanic ada di sini:http://kerendanunik.wordpress.com/2012/04/03/foto-terkini-kapal-titanic/

Sedangkan untuk mengetahui penyebab tenggelamnya, ada disini :http://kerendanunik.wordpres

buat  remaja remaja galau.pasti lagu ini cocok buat lo

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Michael Learns To Rock - The ActorMichael Learns To Rock - The Actor

250 fakta unik yang ada di dunia

1. Sebelum Masehi bahasa inggrisnya adalah B.C (Before Christ). Setelah Masehi     adalah A.D (Anno Domini)

2. Ikan hiu kehilangan gigi lebih dari 6000buah setiap tahun, dan gigi barunya tumbuh dalam waktu 24 jam
3. Julius Caesar tewas dengan 23 tikaman
4. Nama mobil Nissan berasal dari bahasa jepang Ni : 2 dan San : 3. Nissan : 23
5. Jerapah dan tikus bisa bertahan hidup lebih lama tanpa air dari pada unta
6. Perut memproduksi lapisan lendir setiap dua minggu agar perut tidak mencerna organnya sendiri.
7. 98% dari perkosaan dan pembunuhan dilakukan oleh keluarga dekat atau teman korban.
8. Semut dapat mengangkat Beban 50 kali tubuhnya
9. Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika ditulis diatas Kertas marijuana
10. Titik diatas huruf i disebut 'title'
11. Sebutir kismis yang dijatuhkan kedalam gelas berisi sampanye segar akan bergerak naik turun dalam gelas
12. Benjamin Franklin anak bungsu dari orangtua bungsu keturunan ke 5 dalam keluarga bungsu.
13. Triskaidekaphobia adalah ketakutan pada 13. Paraskevidekatriaphobia adalah ketekukan pada hari jumat tanggal 13 (bisa terjadi antara 1-3 kali setahun). di Italia, 17 adalah angka sial. di Jepang angka sial adalah 4
14. Lidah jerapah panjangnya sekitar 50 cm
15. Mulut menghasilkan 1 liter ludah setiap hari
16. Kita bernafas kira-kira 23.000 kali setiap hari
17. Kata ZIP (kode pos) adalah kepanjangan dari 'Zoning Improvement Plan'.
18. Coca-Cola mengandung Coca (yang merupakan zat aktif pada kokain) dari tahun 1885 sampai 1903.
19. Rata-rata kita bicara 5000 kata tiap hari (walaupun 80% nya kita bicara pada diri sendiri)
20. Seandainya kuota air dalam tubuh kita berkurang 1%, kita langsung merasa haus
21. 4 simbol raja pada kartu remi melambangkan 4 raja yang etrkenal di jaman masing-masing: Sekop = David/Raja Daud ; Keriting = Alexander the Great/Iskandar Agung ; Hati = Charlemagne/Raja Prancis ; Wajik =Julius Caesar
22. Seumur hidup kita meminum air sebanyak kurang lebih 75.000 liter
23. Setiap orang, termasuk kembar identik, sidik jari dan tekstur lidahnya tidak ada yang sama.
24. Titik merah pada 7-Up logo berasal dari penemunya yang bermata merah. Dia seorang albino.
25. Pria kehilangan 40 helai rambut tiap hari. wanita 70 helai.
26. Tanda 'save' pada Microsoft Office programs menunjukan gambar floppy disk dengan shutter terbalik
27. Albert Einstein dan Charles Darwin,keduanya menikah dengan sepupu pertama mereka (Elsa L�wenthal dan Emma Wedgewood).
28. Unta punya 3 kelopak mata.
29. Sehelai rambut di kepala kita mempunyai masa tumbuh 2 sampai 6 tahun sebelum diganti dengan rambut baru
30. Seseorang masih akan sadar selama 8 detik setelah dipenggal
31. Otot yang bekerja paling cepat ditubuh kita adalah otot dikelopak mata yang membuat kita berkedip. kita bisa berkedip 5kali dalam sedetik
32. Coklat dapat membunuh anjing,karena langsung mempengaruhi jantung dan susunan syarafnya
33. Tanpa dicampur ludah di dalam mulut, kita tidak akan merasakan rasa makanan
34. Kuku jari tangan tumbuh 4kali lebih cepat daripada kuku kaki
35. 13% orang di dunia adalah kidal
36. Hampir semua lipstik mengandung sisik ikan
37. Bayi yang baru lahir berat kepalanya 1/4 dari berat tubuhnya
38. Kita sebenarnya melihat dengan otak. mata hanya berupa kamera yang mengirim data ke otak. 1/4 bagian dari otak digunakan untuk mengatur kerja mata
39. Kalajengking bisa dibunuh dengan menyiramnya dengan cuka,mereka akan murka dan menyengat dirinya sendiri
40. Tahun 1830an saus tomat biasa dijual sebagai obat.
41. Tiga monyet bijak punya nama: Mizaru (See no evil), Mikazaru (Hear no evil), and Mazaru (Speak no evil).
42. India mempunyai Undang-undang hak untuk sapi
43. Jika bersin terlalu keras dapat meretakkan tulang iga. JIka mencoba menahan bersin, bisa mengalami pecah pembuluh nadi di kepala dan leher trus mati . jika memaksa mata terbuka saat bersin, bola mata bisa meloncat keluar.
44. Nama negara Filipina berasal dari nama Raja Phillip
45. Saudi Arabia berasala dari nama Raja Saud
46. Anak-anak mempunyai 20 gigi awal. Orang dewasa punya 32
47. Karena langkanya logam, piala Oscars yang dibagikan pada perang dunia ke II terbuat dari kayu
48. Setiap Siklus 11 tahun, kutub magnet pada matahari bertukar tempat. Siklus ini dinamakan "Solarmax".
49. Ada 318,979,564,000 kemungkinan kombinasi pembukaan pertama pada catur.
50. Ada lebih dari 300 bakteri pembentuk karang gigi
51. Macan adalah anggota terbesar dalam keluarga kucing
52. Nomer "172" dapat ditemukan pada uang kertas 5 dollar amerika, pada gambar semak-semak dibawah Lincoln Memorial.
53. Pohon kelapa membunuh 150 orang tiap tahun. Lebih banyak daripada hiu
54. Pada poster film 'Pretty Woman' Julia Robets terlalu pendek untuk bisa sejajar dengan Richard Gere. Maka digunakan model Shelley Michelle sebagai tubuh Julia.
55. Daerah kutub kehilangan matahari selama 186 hari dalam setahun
56. Kode Telephone Internasional untuk Antartica adalah 672.
57. Bom pertama sekutu dijatuhkan di Berlin pada perang dunia ke II. Membunuh satu-satunya gajah di Kebun Binatang Berlin.
58. Rata-rata hujan jatuh dengan kecepatan 7 mil per jam
59. Butuh 10 tahun bagi Leonardo Da Vinci untuk melukis Mona Lisa.Lukisan itu tidak ditandai dan di beri tanggal. Leonardo dan Mona mempunya susunan tulang yang persis sama dan menurut sinar X, ada 3 versi lukisan dibawah lukisan itu.
60. Nama dari kembar gemini adalah Castor dan Pullox
61. Gerakan Bruce Lee sangat cepat sehingga mereka harus melambatkan filam agar kita bisa melihat semua gerakannya.
62. Satu kilo dari berat badan kita mengandung 7000 kalori
63. Darah sama kental dengan air laut
64. Air laut di samudra Atlantik lebih asin dari pada di samudra Pasifik
65. Topeng tokoh Michael Myers di film horor 'Helloween' sebenernya topeng tokoh Captain Kirk (Star Trek) yang di cat putih, karena kurang dana
66. Nama asli butterfly (kupu-kupu) adalah flutterby.
67. Bayi lahir setiap 7 detik
68. Satu dari 14 wanita Amerika berambut pirang asli. Prianya hanya satu dari 17
69. The Olympic adalah saudara dari kapal Titanic, dan melayani dengan selamat selama 25 tahun.
70. Saat Titanic karam, 2228 orang ada di dalamnya. Hanya 706 yang selamat
71. Di Amerika, seseorang didiagnosa menderita AIDS tiap 10 menit. Di Afrika, seseorang meninggal karena AIDS tipa 10 menit
72. Sampai usia 6 bulan, bayi bisa menelan dan bernapas secara bersamaan. Orang dewasa tidak bisa
73. Alasan kenapa diiklan jam kebanyakan jarum menunjuk pukul 10.10, karena jam seperti sedang tersenyum
74. Tiap tahun bulan menjauh 3.82 cm dari bumi
75. Saat kita bertahan hidup dan tidak ada bahan makanan, sabuk kulit dan sepatu keds adalah makanan terbaik untuk dimakan karena mengandung cukup gizi untuk hidup sementara.
76. Dalam satu tetes air mengandung 50 juta bakteri
77. Dengan menaikan kaki pelan2 dan berbaring tenang dengan punggung lurus, kita tidak akan tenggelam di pasir hisap.
78. Satu dari 10 orang hidup di suatu pulau
79. Memakan seledri membuang kalori lebih banyak dari pada kalori yang terkandung dalam seledri itu sendiri
80. Lobster dapat hidup selama 100 tahun
81. Permen karet tidak dijual di Disney Land
82. Mangunyah permen karet saat mengupas Bawang mencegah kita menangis
83. Rahang kucing gak bisa bergerak kekiri dan kanan
84. Nama Artic (kutub utara) berarti beruang dalam bahasa Yunani (Arktos), dan memang beruang kutub hanya ada di kutub utara
85. Jika kira berdiri di dasar sumur, kita bisa melihat bintang walaupun di siang hari
86. Suara yang kita dengar dari dalam kerang bukan suara ombak laut, tapi suara aliran darah dalam kepala kita.
87. Orang kebanyak yang menderita ketakutan pada ruang terbuka (kenophobia) daripada ketakukan pada ruang tertutup (claustrophobia).
88. Tehnik mengaduk terbaik bukan dengan gerakan memutar, tapi dengan gerakan huruf W
89. Adegan band yang terus bermain musik saat Titanic tenggelam adalah kisah nyata
90. Buku Guinness Book of Records memegang rekor sebagai buku yang paling banyak dicuri dari perpustakaan
91. 35% dari orang yang ikut kontak jodoh lewat internet, sudah menikah
92. CocaCola dulu berwarna hijau
93. Secara fisik, babi tidak bisa melihat ke langit
94. Semua beruang kutub kidal
95. Kelelawar selalu belok kiri jika terbang keluar gua
96. Jim Henson pertama kali memakai kata "Muppet". Kombinasi dari "marionette" dan "puppet."
97. Gajah satu-satunya hewan yang tidak bisa meloncat
98. The Michelin man (figur Berbaju dan bertopi putih diiklan Michelin) bernama Mr. Bib. nama aslinya Bibendum pada iklan pertama tahun 1896.
99. Kita tidak bisa menjilat siku kita sendiri
100. Kata "lethologica" menggambarkan saat dimana kita tidak bisa mengingat apa yang kita inginkan.
101. Sekitar 14% pecandu yang menggunakan jarum suntik, positif HIV.
102. Kalimat yang bisa dibaca sama dari depan dan belakang (racecar, kayak, tamat) disebut "palindrome".
103. Siput bisa tidur selama 3 tahun
104. Diatas khatulistiwa melintas sekitar 200 satelit asing, termasuk satelit mata-mata
105. Orang di Cina lebih banyak yang berbahasa Inggris dari pada orang di Amerika
106. Karena pengaruh rotasi bumi, kalau kita melempar kearah barat, lemparan kita akan lebih jauh jatuhnya dari pada kearah timur
107. Satu dari 9000 orang menderita albino
108. Kursi listrik ditemukan oleh seorang dokter gigi
109. Kita berulang tahun bersama 9 juta orang dari seluruh dunia
110. Setiap manusia dalam hidupnya rata-rata habis untuk menunggu dilampu merah selama 2 minggu
111. Botol aqua dan tempat makan plastik baru bisa terurai dengan sempurna dalam tanah setelah 50.000 tahun
112. Kucing bisa membuat lebih dari 100 bunyi vokal, anjing hanya bisa sekitar 10
113. Gigi berang-berang tak pernah berhenti tumbuh
114. Kelelawar adalah satu-satunya mamalia yang bisa terbang
115. Jika boneka Barbie adalah manusia, ukurannya adalah 39-23-33 (99-58,5-84 cm). Tingginya sekitar 215 cm dan punya leher 2kali lebih panjang daripada manusia normal
116. Tikus beranakpinak sangat cepat dan dalam waktu 18 bulan, dua tikus dapat memiliki lebih dari 1 juta keturunan.
117. Memakai Headphone selama 1 jam dapat mengembangbiakan bakteri dalam kuping 700 kali lebih cepat.
118. Seekor Babon bernama 'Jackie' menjadi prajurit resmi dalam angkatan bersenjata Afrika Selatan pada Perang Dunia I
119. Bibliophile adalah sebutan untuk kolektor buku-buku langka. Bibliopole adalah penjual buku-buku langka
120. Jantung ikan paus biru berdenyut 9 kali dalam semenit
121. Arabic numerals bukan berasal dari Arab, tapi diciptakan di India.
122. Kupu-kupu melihat dengan 12000 mata
123. Bulan February tahun 1865 adalah satu-satunya bulan dalam catatan sejarah yang tidak sempat mengalami bulan purnama.
124. Ayam yang sudah terpenggal lehernya masih mampu lari sepanjang lapangan bola sebelum benar-benar mati.
125. Kecoak bisa hidup 9 hari tanpa kepala, dan akan mati karena kelaparan
126. Di Bumi, satu tahun adalah 365 hari. Di planet Merkurius satu tahun adalah 2 hari
127. Umur dari capung adalah 24 jam
128. Pada Usia 3 bulan janin manusia mulai terbentuk sidik jari.
129. Butuh waktu 6 bulan untuk kuku kaki tumbuh dari bawah paling bawah sampai ujung kuku.
130. Daya ingat ikan hanya 3 detik
131. Bulan purnama 9 kali tebih terang daripada bulan setengah.
132. Untuk setiap patung memorial orang diatas kuda, jika 2 kaki depan kuda mengangkat, maka orang tersebut tewas dalam pertempuran, jika satu kaki kuda yang terangkat, maka orang tersebut meninggal karena luka dalam pertempuran, jika 4 kakinya menginjak tanah, orang tersebut meninggal secara normal.
133. Beruang dewasa dapat lari secepat kuda
134. Tulang kuda lebih banyak 18 buah dari tulang manusia
135. Ubur-ubur terdiri dari 95% air
136. Kulit Zebra adalah putih yang bergaris hitam
137. Kecuali manusia dan monyet, semua mamalia buta warna
138. Biji Apel mengandung sianida
139. Tikus dan kuda tidak bisa muntah
140. Penguin adalah burung yang tidak bisa terbang tapi bisa berenang.
141. Astronot dilarang mengkonsumsi kacang sebelum menjelajah ruang angkasa karena jika buang angin dalam baju khusus astronot dapat membahayakan mereka.
142. Winston Churchill lahir di toilet wanita saat acara dansa
143. Sebelum ada pesawat jet, Jetlag disebut Boatlag
144. Kucing berkeringat melalui telapak kakinya (terutama saat mendengar gonggongan anjing)
145. Kucing tidak bisa merasakan rasa manis
146. Coklat meleled dalam mulut karena titik lelehnya adalah 35 derajat celcius
147. Dalam perang dahulu, orang yang buta warna dibutuhkan dalam tim pendeteksi kamuflase di militer
148. Sapi tidak punya gigi atas
149. Hedenophobic berarti takut akan kesenangan.
150. Pendeta Mesir kuno mencabuti setiap helai rambut dan bulu dari badan mereka.
151. Buaya tidak bisa menjulurkan lidah.
152. Kentut sapi termasuk penyebab utama global warming
153. Semut selalu jatuh miring ke kanan jika diberi racun serangga
154. Kucing rumah benci bau lemon dan semua yang berbau sitrus
155. Donal Bebek dilarang beredar di Finlandia karena Donal tidak pakai celana
156. Nama asli Donal bebek adalah Donald Flauntleroy Duck
157. Indra perasa kupu-kupu ada dikakinya
158. Dry Ice tidak meleleh, tapi menguap
159. Mata burung unta lebig besar dari otaknya
160. Bintang laut tidak punya otak
161. Tiap manusia punya telinga yang berbeda
162. Telur segar tenggelam diair, telur yang kadaluarsa mengambang
163. 80% dari seluruh binatang di dunia adalah serangga
164. Kacang adalah salah satu bahan untuk membuat dinamit
165. Ratu Elizabeth I menderita Anthophobia (takut akan mawar)
166. RSVP adalah Respondez s'il Vous Plait yang artinya 'mohon jawaban'
167. Mata manusia yang sehat (tidak buta warna) dapat menbedakan 500 jenis warna abu-abu.
168. Ikan mas yang bunting disebut 'twit'.
169. Eropa adalah Benua tanpa padang pasir
170. Lalat meloncat mundur saat akan terbang
171. Sekeor kucing memiliki 32 otot pada tiap telinga
172. A honeybee can fly at fifteen miles per hour.
173. Macan mempunyai kulit yang belang,bukan hanya bulu yang belang.
174. A "jiffy" is the scientific name for 1/100th of a second.
175. Hanya 3 malaikat, Gabriel, Michael dan Lucifer yang disebut dalam injil
176. Kambing mempunya pupil mata segi empat
177. Novel pertama yang menggunakan mesin tik adalah Tom Sawyer
178. Hamster sangat suka makan jangkrik
179. Pemantik ditemukan sebelum korek api
180. Rata-rata dalam setiap batang permen coklat terdapat serangga yang meleleh bersamanya.
181. Tanduk Badak terbuat dari rambutnya yang mengeras
182. Perang paling singkat dalam sejarah adalah perang Zanzibar and England tahun 1896. Zanzibar menyerah setelah 38 menit.
183. Kutu rambut sebenarnya lebih suka hidup di kulit kepala yang bersih dari pada yang kotor
184. Kulit beruang kutub sebenarnya hitam. Bulunya berwarna bening, dan tampak putih di salju.
185. Elvis mempunyai saudara kembar bernama Garon, yang meninggal saat lahir, maka nama tengah Elvi adalah Aron, untuk menghormati saudaranya.
186. Landak punya sidik jari yang mirip manusia.
187. Kuda Nil kentut lewat mulut.
188. Shakespeare yang menemukan kata "assassination" dan "bump."
189. Mahluk yang bisa tersipu-sipu hanya manusia
190. Jika kita memelihara ikan mas dalam ruangan yang gelap, warnanya akan berubah putih.
191. Wanita berkedip dua kali lebih banyak dari pria.
192. Nama Jeep (jip) diampil dari singkatan "GP", bahasa militer untuk General Purpose.
193. Orang yang menggunakan tangan kanan, kira-kira, 9 tahun lebih panjang umur dari orang kidal
194. Jika semua emas dalam laut ditambang, setiap manusia didunia bisa mendapat emas 20 kg masing2.
195. Jika lever manusia berhenti bekerja, manusia akan mati dalam 8 samapai 24 jam
196. Seorang "quidnunc" adalah sebutan untuk orang yang selalu ingin tahu gosip terbaru.
197. Jika matahari tiba-tiba padam, butuh 8 menit bagi manusia untuk menyadarinya.
198. Leonardo Da Vinci yang menemukan gunting, helikopter, dan banyak alat lainnya.
199. Dalam 4000 tahun, tidak ada jenis binatang peliharaan baru.
200. 25% dari tulang manusia ada di kaki.
201. David Sarnoff adalah orang yang menerima sinyal Titanic dan meyelamatkan   ratusan nyawa. Dia akhirnya menjadi kepala jaringan radio, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC).
202. Kira-kira 100 orang tersedak Ballpoint tiap tahun.
203. Jika kita terkunci diruang yang kedap udara, kita aka lebih dulu mati keracunan co2 dari pada kekerangan o2
204. Jika kita kehilangan satu mata, kita akan kehilangan 1/5 dari pengelihatan kita dan kehilangan seluruh persepsi tentang kedalaman objek.
205. Berdiri lama tanpa menekuk lutuk sama sekali akan membuat kita pingsan
206. Bawang putih yang kita gosok di tumit kaki akan meresap dapat dapat tercium dalam nafas kita.
207. Dengan merentangkan kedua tangan sejauh mungkin, jarak dari kedua ujung tangan adalah sama dengan tinggi kita.
208. Liburan selama sebelas hari berarti kita punya waktu hampir sejuta detik untuk menikmatinya
209. Dalam film Silence of The Lambs, tokoh Hannibal Lecter tidak pernah berkedip.
210. Di jepang, warung kopi disebut 'Kissaten'.
211. Merebus telur burung unta butuh waktu 40 menit.
212. Jaguar takut pada anjing
213. Gajah hanya tidur 2 jam dalam sehari
214. Johnny Deep takut pada badut
215. Ganymede adalah bulan planet Jupiter, merupakan bulan terbesar di tata surya kita, lebih besar dari planet Merkurius.
216. Dalam golf, 'Bo Derek' adalah istilah untuk nilai 10.
217. Koala punya dua jempol
218. Latte dalam bahasa Italia adalah susu
219. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwlll... adalah nama sebuah desa di Wales Utara, Inggris.
220. Di Italia, Micky Mouse lebih dikenal dengan nama ' Topolino'
221. Susu sebenarnya lebih menyerupai makanan daripada minuman.
222. Ada lebih dari 450 jenis susu di dunia. 240 berasal dari Prancis.
223. Nyamuk lebih suka anak-anak daripada orang dewasa.
224. Partikel debu didalam rumah sebagian besar berasal dari sel kulit mati
225. Rat-rata orang bergerak 40 kali dalam tidurnya
226. Dalam bahasa Inggris, 'Naked' artinya tanpa perlindungan. '####' artinya telanjang
227. Broccoli dan kembang kol adalah sayuran yang berupa bunga.
228. Anak baru lahir memiliki 350 tulang. Mereka menyatu atau menghilang sampai menjadi 206 pada usia 5 tahun.
229. Tidak ada bukti yang pasti siapa yang membangun Taj Mahal.
230. Dalam survey terhadap 200000 burung unta selama 80 tahun, tidak ada satupun yang mengubur kepalanya dalam tanah.
231. Nail Amstrong melangkah pertama kali di bulan dengan kaki kiri.
232. Shuttlecock untuk Badminton harus punya 14 bulu.
233. Mutiara bisa larut dalam cuka.
234. Babi tidak dapat berkeringat karena tidak punya kelenjar keringat. Mereka berlumur lumpur untuk mendinginkan kulitnya.
235. Venus dan Uranus adalah planet di tata surya kita yang berputar melawan jarum jam. Jadi matahari terbit dari Barat di planet ini.
236. Microwave ditemukan setelah seorang ilmuan yang berjalan melewati tabung radar mendapati permen coklatnya meleleh disakunya.
237. Ikan hiu kebal terhadap kanker
238. Rusa Santa bernama: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, dan Blitzen
239. Beberapa jenis cacing pita akan memakan dirinya sendiri jika kelaparan.
240. Kita bisa menghela sapi naik tangga, tapi tidak bisa menghela mereka turun tangga.
241. Plakat yang ditinggalkan Apollo 11 di bulan berbunyi "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. / WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND."
242. Alpabet Hawai terdiri dari 12 huruf saja
243. Nama paling populer di dunia adalah Muhammad.
244. Bola mata kita beratnya sekitar 28 gram
245. Paru-paru kiri lebih kecil dari paru-paru kanan karena memberi tempat terhadap jantung.
246. Pinguin hanya ada di kutub selatan, dan tidak bisa menyebrangi equator.
247. Kebanyakan orang bisa mendengar lebih baik dengan kuping kanan
248. Vitamin pada buah biasanya terdapat pada kulitnya
249. Rata-rata klakson mobil berbunyi pada nada F
250. Pria lebih mampu membaca tulisan dengan ukuran huruf kecil daripada wanita

Manchester United F.C.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"MUFC" redirects here. For other uses, see MUFC (disambiguation).

Manchester United

Full name	Manchester United Football Club
Nickname(s)	The Red Devils[1]
Founded	1878, as Newton Heath LYR F.C.
Ground	Old Trafford (capacity: 75,765[2])
Owner	Glazer family
Co-chairmen	Joel and Avram Glazer
Manager	Sir Alex Ferguson
League	Premier League
2011–12	Premier League, 2nd
Website	Club home page
Home colours Away colours Third colours
Current season

Manchester United Football Club is an English professional football club, based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, that plays in thePremier League. Founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, the club changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to Old Trafford in 1910.

Manchester United has won many trophies in English football, including a record 19 league titles, a record 11 FA Cups,^[3] four League Cups and a record 19 FA Community Shields. The club has also won three European Cups, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup. In 1998–99, the club won a Treble of the Premier League, the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League, an unprecedented feat for an English club.

The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players. In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, Manchester United was the first English football club to win the European Cup. The current manager, Sir Alex Ferguson, has won 24 major honours since he took over in November 1986.^[4][5]

Manchester United is one of the wealthiest and most widely supported football teams in the world.^[6][7][8][9] As of July 2012, the club is number one in Forbes magazine's annual ranking of the world's 50 most valuable sports teams, valued at $2.23 billion.^[10] After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million.^[11] In August 2012, Manchester United made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange.^[12]

Contents   [hide]  1 History 1.1 Early years (1878–1945) 1.2 Busby years (1945–1969) 1.3 1969–1986 1.4 Ferguson years (1986–present) 2 Crest and colours 3 Grounds 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Global brand 5.1 Sponsorship 6 Ownership and finances 7 Players 7.1 First-team squad 7.2 Reserves and academy 7.3 Former players 7.4 Club captains 7.5 Player records 8 Club officials 8.1 Managerial history 9 Honours 9.1 Domestic 9.2 European 9.3 Worldwide 9.4 Doubles and Trebles 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Footnotes 11.2 Citations 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Independent sites

History

Early years (1878–1945)

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1878–1945)

A chart showing the progress of Manchester United F.C. through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892–93 to 2011–12

Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath.^[13] The team initially played games against other departments and rail companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.^[14] By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the rail company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.^[13] After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division.^[13]

The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905–06 season, in which they were runners-up in the Second Division

In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £210,000 as of 2012^{[nb 1]} – the club was served with awinding-up order.^[15] Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;^[16] on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born.^{[17][nb 2]} Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield^[18] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.^[19]

In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of the club's principal benefactor, J. H. Davies, in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.^[20] In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.^[20]

Busby years (1945–1969)

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1945–1969)

The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955

In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions.^[21] Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years.^[22] With an average age of 22, the media labelled the back-to-back title winning side of 1956 "the Busby Babes", a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players.^[23] In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.^[24] En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.^[25]

A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster, including players names

The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.^[26][27]

Reserve team manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cupalongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.^[28][29] Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English (and second British) club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final^[30] with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.^[31] Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.^[32]

1969–1986

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1969–1986)

Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years, longer than any other player.^[33]

Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972.^[34] Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club.^[30] The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.^[32][35]

Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the top two in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction.^[36] He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and1985. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.^[37]

Ferguson years (1986–present)

Main article: History of Manchester United F.C. (1986–present)

Alex Ferguson has been manager of Manchester United since November 1986.

Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,^[38] and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.^[39] Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season.^[40] Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved Ferguson's career.^[41][42] The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners' Cuptitle and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at Wembley.^[37] In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history.^[37]

Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history.^[43]

In the 1998–99 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.^[44] Losing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final,Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time.^[45] The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras1–0 in Tokyo.^[46] Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.^[47]

Manchester United won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. The team finished as runners-up in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03. They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.^[48] In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade, but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.^[49] In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.^[50][51] That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million.^[52] In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.^[53]

After finishing as runner-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.^[54]

Crest and colours

Manchester United badge in the 1960s

The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail.^[55] The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils"; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 (unless the team was playing in a Cup Final).^[55]

A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and blue shorts.^[56]Between 1894–96, the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys^[56] which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with blue shorts.^[56] After its name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.^[56] Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927.^[56] In 1934, players sported cherry and white hooped shirts, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division.^[56] The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971, when the club reverted to black. The current home kit is a red gingham-pattern shirt with dark red checks and a black v-neck collar, worn with white shorts and black socks.^[57]

The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season,^[58] and the 2011–12 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks.^[59] An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just five games because players claimed to have trouble finding their team-mates against the crowd.^[60] In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.^[61]

The club's third kit is often all-blue. This was most recently the case during the 2008–09 season, to celebrate 40 years since it was worn for the club's first European Cup win in 1968.^[62]Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and white shirts with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 and 2005.^[63] In recent seasons, the third kit has usually been the previous season's away kit.

Grounds

Main articles: North Road, Bank Street, and Old Trafford

Old Trafford
Theatre of Dreams
Location	Sir Matt Busby Way, Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England
Broke ground	1909
Opened	19 February 1910
Owner	Manchester United
Operator	Manchester United
Construction cost	£90,000 (1909)
Architect	Archibald Leitch (1909)
Capacity	75,765 seated[2]
Tenants
Manchester United (1910–present)

Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League.^[64] Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891 Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators.^[65] Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.^[66] A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.^[67]

In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.^[68] It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".^[68] Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.^[68] In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000.^[69]

When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.^[70] Following financial investment, new club president J.H. Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street.^[71] Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.^[71]

However, following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition;^[71] in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers andGrimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.^[72]

Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts.^[73] Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season.^[32] First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today.^[74]

The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.^[75] The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0.15 percent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.^[76] In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.^[77][78] Manchester United has the third highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund and FC Barcelona.

Support

Manchester United is reputed to be the most popular football club in the world, with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe.^[79] The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least 24 countries.^[80] The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours. Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide,^[7] while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million.^[8]

Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters Association (IMUSA), which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum,^[81] and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST). After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester. The West Stand of Old Trafford – the "Stretford End" – is the home end and the traditional source of the club's most vocal support.^[82]

Rivalries

Main articles: Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry, Manchester derby, Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry, and Leeds United A.F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry

Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby.^[83][84]

The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port.^[85]

The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire.^[86]

The rivalry with Arsenal amasses from the countless number of times the two teams as well as the two current managers (Sir Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger) have battled for the Premier League title. With 32 titles between them (19 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match-ups in history.^{[citation needed]}

Global brand

Turkish Airlines is an official sponsor of the club, as shown by a Boeing 737–800logojet seen here at Istanbul Atatürk Airportin April 2011.

Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £412 million – an increase of £39 million on the previous year, valuing it at £11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA (Extremely Strong).^[87] In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion.^[10] The club is currently ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and Barcelona).^[88]

The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim.^[82] The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best. The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English footballing public".^[89] Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the "fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile.^[89]

As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy. The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses.^[90] The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand). This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure.^[91] During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world.^[92]

Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club. Since the inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal.^[93] Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 2005–06, the club's commercial arm generated £51 million, compared to £42.5 million at Chelsea, £39.3 million at Liverpool, £34 million at Arsenal and £27.9 million at Newcastle United. A key sponsorship relationship is with sportswear company Nike, who manage the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership established in 2002.^[94]Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services. Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services – such as the club's dedicated television channel, MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium.^[7]

Sponsorship

Period	Kit manufacturer	Shirt sponsor
1945–1975	Umbro	none
1975–1980	Admiral
1980–1982	Adidas
1982–1992		Sharp Electronics
1992–2000	Umbro
2000–2002		Vodafone
2002–2006	Nike
2006–2010		AIG
2010–2014		Aon
2014–		Chevrolet

In an initial five-year deal worth £500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999–2000 season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million deal.^[95] Vodafone agreed to pay £36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League.^[95]

To commence at the start of the 2006–07 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four-year £56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world.^[96][97] At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aonbecame the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.^[98] Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football.^[99][100]

The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975.^[101] Adidas received the contract in 1980,^[102] before Umbro started a second spell in 1992.^[103] Umbro's sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking £302.9 million deal that will last until 2015; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company.^[104][105] In addition to Nike and Aon, the club also has several lower-level "platinum" sponsors, including Chevrolet and Budweiser.^[106]

On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with the American automotive corporation General Motors, which will replace Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season. The new $80m^[107] a year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and will feature the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet.^[108]

Ownership and finances

See also: Glazer ownership of Manchester United

Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £1 via an application form.^[16] In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £500 to save the club from bankruptcy, including future club president J.H Davies.^[16] After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson, who assumed control of the club after investing £2,000.^[20] Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board in 1948,^[109]but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club,^[110] but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman.^[111]

Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an investment of approximately £40,000, he accumulated a 54 percent shareholding and took control in January 1964.^[112] When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin in 1978; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980.^[113] Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards' asking price.^[113] In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £20 million, but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the Board of Directors instead.^[113]

Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising £6.7 million),^[114] and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation. This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover. The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer,^[115] but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999.^[116] A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority.^[117]

In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 percent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £800 million (then approx. $1.5 billion).^[118][119] In July 2006, the club announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 percent reduction in annual interest payments to £62 million a year.^[120][121] In January 2010, with debts of £716.5 million ($1.17 billion),^[122] Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the £509 million owed to international banks.^[123] The annual interest payable on the bonds – which mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £45 million per annum.^[124] Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre.^[125][126]Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Newton Heath. On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest.^[127]

In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx. £600 million) initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £2 billion.^[128] However, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead.^[129] Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in May. Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.^[12]

Players

First-team squad

As of 31 August 2012.^[130]

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 1 GK David de Gea 2 DF Rafael 3 DF Patrice Evra (vice-captain) 4 DF Phil Jones 5 DF Rio Ferdinand 6 DF Jonny Evans 7 MF Antonio Valencia 8 MF Anderson 10 FW Wayne Rooney 11 MF Ryan Giggs 12 DF Chris Smalling 13 GK Anders Lindegaard 14 FW Javier Hernández 15 DF Nemanja Vidić (captain) 16 MF Michael Carrick

No. Position Player 17 MF Nani 18 MF Ashley Young 19 FW Danny Welbeck 20 FW Robin van Persie 21 FW Ángelo Henríquez 22 MF Paul Scholes 23 MF Tom Cleverley 24 MF Darren Fletcher 25 MF Nick Powell 26 MF Shinji Kagawa 27 FW Federico Macheda 28 DF Alexander Büttner 33 FW Bébé 38 DF Michael Keane 50 GK Sam Johnstone

On loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player 40 GK Ben Amos (at Hull City until 30 June 2013)[131][132]

No. Position Player — DF Fábio (at Queens Park Rangers until 30 June 2013)[133]

Reserves and academy

Further information: Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy

Former players

Further information: List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category:Manchester United F.C. players

Club captains

Further information: List of Manchester United F.C. players#Club captains

Player records

Further information: List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics

Club officials

• Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited^[134]
• Honorary president: Martin Edwards^[135]

Manchester United Limited

• Co-chairmen: Joel Glazer & Avram Glazer^[136]
• Chief executive: David Gill^[136]
• Chief operating officer: Michael Bolingbroke^[136]
• Commercial director: Richard Arnold^[137]
• Chief of Staff: Ed Woodward^[138]
• Non-executive directors: Bryan Glazer, Kevin Glazer, Edward Glazer & Darcie Glazer^[136]

Manchester United Football Club

• Directors: David Gill, Michael Edelson, Sir Bobby Charlton^[138]
• Club secretary: John Alexander^[139]
• Global ambassador: Bryan Robson^[140]

Coaching and medical staff

• Manager: Sir Alex Ferguson^[141]
• Assistant manager: Mike Phelan^[142]
• First team coach: René Meulensteen^[143]
• Goalkeeping coach: Eric Steele^[144]
• Fitness coach: Tony Strudwick^[145]
• Reserve team manager: Warren Joyce^[146]

Managerial history

Main article: List of Manchester United F.C. managers

Dates[147]	Name	Notes
1878–1892	Unknown
1892–1900	A. H. Albut
1900–1903	James West
1903–1912	Ernest Mangnall
1912–1914	John Bentley
1914–1922	Jack Robson
1922–1926	John Chapman	First manager from outside England
1926–1927	Lal Hilditch
1927–1931	Herbert Bamlett
1931–1932	Walter Crickmer
1932–1937	Scott Duncan
1937–1945	Walter Crickmer
1945–1969	Matt Busby
1969–1970	Wilf McGuinness
1970–1971	Matt Busby
1971–1972	Frank O'Farrell	First manager from outside the United Kingdom
1972–1977	Tommy Docherty
1977–1981	Dave Sexton
1981–1986	Ron Atkinson
1986–present	Alex Ferguson	Most honours won and longest-serving manager in club history.[141]

Honours

Manchester United's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which it won as Newton Heath in 1886.^[148] In 1908, the club won its first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year. Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup.

The club currently holds the record for most top-division titles (19), the most FA Cups (11), and the most FA Cup Final appearances (18).^[149] Manchester United holds the record for the most Premier League titles (12), and was the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968. The club's most recent trophy came in August 2011 with the 2011 FA Community Shield title.

The only major honour that Manchester United has never won is the UEFA Europa League,^[150] although the team reached the quarter-finals in 1984–85 and the semi-finals of the competition's precursor tournament, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, in 1964–65.^[151][152]

Domestic

League

• First Division^{[nb 3]} (until 1992) and Premier League:^{[nb 3]} 19
  • 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11
• Second Division:^{[nb 3]} 2
  • 1935–36, 1974–75

Cups

• FA Cup: 11
  • 1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04
• League Cup: 4
  • 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10
• FA Charity/Community Shield: 19 (15 outright, 4 shared)
  • 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011 (* shared)

European

• European Cup/UEFA Champions League: 3
  • 1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08
• UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1
  • 1990–91
• UEFA Super Cup: 1
  • 1991

Worldwide

• Intercontinental Cup: 1
  • 1999
• FIFA Club World Cup: 1
  • 2008

Doubles and Trebles

• Doubles:
  • League and FA Cup: 3
    • 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99 (as part of the Treble)
  • League and League Cup: 1
    • 2008–09
  • European Double (League and European Cup): 2
    • 1998–99 (as part of the Treble), 2007–08
• "The Treble" (League, FA Cup and European Cup): 1
  • 1998–99

Especially short competitions such as the Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble.^[153]

See also

	Book: Manchester United F.C.
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Notes

Footnotes

1. ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
2. ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change. Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April, the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its 25 April edition, suggesting it was indeed on 24 April.
3. ^ ^a b c Upon its formation in 1992, the Premier League became the top tier of English football; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers, respectively. The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One.

Citations

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38. ^ Barnes et al. (2001), p. 21.
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Further reading

• Andrews, David L., ed. (2004). Manchester United: A Thematic Study. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-33333-4.
• Barnes, Justyn; Bostock, Adam; Butler, Cliff; Ferguson, Jim; Meek, David; Mitten, Andy; Pilger, Sam; Taylor, Frank OBE et al. (2001) [1998]. The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). London: Manchester United Books. ISBN 0-233-99964-7.
• Bose, Mihir (2007). Manchester Disunited: Trouble and Takeover at the World's Richest Football Club. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 1-84513-121-5.
• Crick, Michael; Smith, David (1990). Manchester United – The Betrayal of a Legend. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-31440-8.
• Devlin, John (2005). True Colours: Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day. London: A & C Black. ISBN 0-7136-7389-3.
• Dobson, Stephen; Goddard, John (2004). "Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe". In Fort, Rodney; Fizel, John. International Sports Economics Comparisons. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98032-4.
• Dunning, Eric (1999). Sport Matters: Sociological Studies of Sport, Violence and Civilisation. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09378-1.
• Hamil, Sean (2008). "Case 9: Manchester United: the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand". In Chadwick, Simon; Arth, Dave. International Cases in the Business of Sport. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-8543-6.
• Inglis, Simon (1996) [1985]. Football Grounds of Britain (3rd ed.). London: CollinsWillow. ISBN 0-00-218426-5.
• James, Gary (2008). Manchester: A Football History. Halifax: James Ward. ISBN 978-0-9558127-0-5.
• Morgan, Steve (March 2010). McLeish, Ian. ed. "Design for life". Inside United (Haymarket Network) (212). ISSN 1749-6497.
• Murphy, Alex (2006). The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United. London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-7528-7603-1.
• Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack. Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008–2009. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7553-1820-9.
• Shury, Alan; Landamore, Brian (2005). The Definitive Newton Heath F.C. SoccerData. ISBN 1-899468-16-1.
• Tyrrell, Tom; Meek, David (1996) [1988]. The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878–1996 (5th ed.). London: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-59074-7.
• White, Jim (2008). Manchester United: The Biography. London: Sphere. ISBN 978-1-84744-088-4.
• White, John (2007) [2005]. The United Miscellany (2nd ed.). London: Carlton Books. ISBN 978-1-84442-745-1.